Scaffold Morphing Identifies 3-Pyridyl Azetidine Ureas as Inhibitors of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).

Small molecules that inhibit the metabolic enzyme NAMPT have emerged as potential therapeutics in oncology. As part of our effort in this area, we took a scaffold morphing approach and identified 3-pyridyl azetidine ureas as a potent NAMPT inhibiting motif. We explored the SAR of this series, including 5 and 6 amino pyridines, using a convergent synthetic strategy. This lead optimization campaign yielded multiple compounds with excellent in vitro potency and good ADME properties that culminated in compound 27.

Structure based design of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitors from a phenotypic screen.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is a key metabolic enzyme that is a potential target for oncology. Utilizing publicly available crystal structures of NAMPT and in silico docking of our internal compound library, a NAMPT inhibitor, 1, obtained from a phenotypic screening effort was replaced with a more synthetically tractable scaffold. This compound then provided an excellent foundation for further optimization using crystallography driven structure based drug design. From this approach, two key motifs were identified, the (S,S) cyclopropyl carboxamide and the (S)-1-N-phenylethylamide that endowed compounds with excellent cell based potency. As exemplified by compound 27e such compounds could be useful tools to explore NAMPT biology in vivo.

AAV-mediated gene delivery in adult GM1-gangliosidosis mice corrects lysosomal storage in CNS and improves survival.

BACKGROUND: GM1-gangliosidosis is a glycosphingolipid (GSL) lysosomal storage disease caused by a genetic deficiency of acid ß-galactosidase (ßgal), which results in the accumulation of GM1-ganglioside and its asialo-form (GA1) primarily in the CNS. Age of onset ranges from infancy to adulthood, and excessive ganglioside accumulation produces progressive neurodegeneration and psychomotor retardation in humans. Currently, there are no effective therapies for the treatment of GM1-gangliosidosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study we examined the effect of thalamic infusion of AAV2/1-ßgal vector in adult GM1 mice on enzyme distribution, activity, and GSL content in the CNS, motor behavior, and survival. Six to eight week-old GM1 mice received bilateral injections of AAV vector in the thalamus, or thalamus and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) with pre-determined endpoints at 1 and 4 months post-injection, and the humane endpoint, or 52 weeks of age. Enzyme activity was elevated throughout the CNS of AAV-treated GM1 mice and GSL storage nearly normalized in most structures analyzed, except in the spinal cord which showed ∼50% reduction compared to age-matched untreated GM1 mice spinal cord. Survival was significantly longer in AAV-treated GM1 mice (52 wks) than in untreated mice. However the motor performance of AAV-treated GM1 mice declined over time at a rate similar to that observed in untreated GM1 mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our studies show that the AAV-modified thalamus can be used as a 'built-in' central node network for widespread distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the mouse cerebrum. In addition, this study indicates that thalamic delivery of AAV vectors should be combined with additional targets to supply the cerebellum and spinal cord with therapeutic levels of enzyme necessary to achieve complete correction of the neurological phenotype in GM1 mice.

Mutant huntingtin impairs vesicle formation from recycling endosomes by interfering with Rab11 activity.

Huntingtin (Htt) localizes to endosomes, but its role in the endocytic pathway is not established. Recently, we found that Htt is important for the activation of Rab11, a GTPase involved in endosomal recycling. Here we studied fibroblasts of healthy individuals and patients with Huntington's disease (HD), which is a movement disorder caused by polyglutamine expansion in Htt. The formation of endocytic vesicles containing transferrin at plasma membranes was the same in control and HD patient fibroblasts. However, HD fibroblasts were delayed in recycling biotin-transferrin back to the plasma membrane. Membranes of HD fibroblasts supported less nucleotide exchange on Rab11 than did control membranes. Rab11-positive vesicular and tubular structures in HD fibroblasts were abnormally large, suggesting that they were impaired in forming vesicles. We used total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of living fibroblasts to monitor fluorescence-labeled transferrin-carrying transport intermediates that emerged from recycling endosomes. HD fibroblasts had fewer small vesicles and more large vesicles and long tubules than did control fibroblasts. Dominant active Rab11 expressed in HD fibroblasts normalized the recycling of biotin-transferrin. We propose a novel mechanism for cellular dysfunction by the HD mutation arising from the inhibition of Rab11 activity and a deficit in vesicle formation at recycling endosomes.

Disruption of Rab11 activity in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease.

The Huntington's disease (HD) mutation causes polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (Htt) and neurodegeneration. Htt interacts with a complex containing Rab11GDP and is involved in activation of Rab11, which functions in endosomal recycling and neurite growth and long-term potentiation. Like other Rab proteins, Rab11GDP undergoes nucleotide exchange to Rab11GTP for its activation. Here we show that striatal membranes of HD(140Q/140Q) knock-in mice are impaired in supporting conversion of Rab11GDP to Rab11GTP. Dominant negative Rab11 expressed in the striatum and cortex of normal mice caused neuropathology and motor dysfunction, suggesting that a deficiency in Rab11 activity is pathogenic in vivo. Primary cortical neurons from HD(140Q/140Q) mice were delayed in recycling transferrin receptors back to the plasma membrane. Partial rescue from glutamate-induced cell death occurred in HD neurons expressing dominant active Rab11. We propose a novel mechanism of HD pathogenesis arising from diminished Rab11 activity at recycling endosomes.

Preventing growth of brain tumors by creating a zone of resistance.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating form of brain cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Here, we report a novel approach to brain tumor therapy through genetic modification of normal brain cells to block tumor growth and effect tumor regression. Previous studies have focused on the use of vector-based gene therapy for GBM by direct intratumoral injection with expression of therapeutic proteins by tumor cells themselves. However, as antitumor proteins are generally lethal to tumor cells, the therapeutic reservoir is rapidly depleted, allowing escape of residual tumor cells. Moreover, it has been difficult to achieve consistent transduction of these highly heterogeneous tumors. In our studies, we found that transduction of normal cells in the brain with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding interferon-beta (IFN-beta) was sufficient to completely prevent tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft models of GBM, even in the contralateral hemisphere. In addition, complete eradication of established tumors was achieved through expression of IFN-beta by neurons using a neuronal-restricted promoter. To our knowledge this is the first direct demonstration of the efficacy of targeting gene delivery exclusively to normal brain cells for brain tumor therapy.